Air India Flight 182

Air India Flight 182

Boeing 747-237B Emperor Kanishka landing at London Heathrow Airport on 10 June 1985, a few days before the explosion
Occurrence summary
Date	23 June 1985 (1985-06-23)
Type	Bombing
Site	Atlantic Ocean South of Ireland
Passengers	307
Crew	22
Fatalities	329 (all)
Survivors	0
Aircraft type	Boeing 747-237B
Aircraft name	Emperor Kanishka
Operator	Air India
Tail number	VT-EFO
Flight origin	Montréal-Mirabel International Airport, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
1st stopover	London Heathrow Airport, London, England, United Kingdom
Last stopover	Palam International Airport, New Delhi, India
Destination	Sahar International Airport, Bombay, India

Air India Flight 182 was an Air India flight operating on the Montréal-London-Delhi-Bombay route. On 23 June 1985, the airplane operating on the route — a Boeing 747-237B (c/n 21473/330, reg VT-EFO) named after Emperor Kanishka — was blown up by a bomb while in Irish airspace, at an altitude of 31,000 feet (9,400 m), and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean. 329 people perished, including 280 Canadian citizens, mostly of Indian birth or descent, and 22 Indians.^[1] The incident was the largest mass murder in modern Canadian history. The explosion and downing of the carrier occurred within an hour of the related Narita Airport Bombing.

Investigation and prosecution took almost 20 years and was the most expensive trial in Canadian history, costing nearly CAD $130 million. A special commission found the defendants not guilty and they were released. Only one person was convicted of involvement in the bombing, after pleading guilty in 2003 to manslaughter. The Governor General-in-Council in 2006 appointed former Supreme Court justice John Major to conduct a commission of inquiry and his report was completed and released on 17 June 2010. It was found that a "cascading series of errors" by the Government of Canada, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and the Canadian Security Intelligence Service had allowed the terrorist attack to take place.^[2]

Pre-incident timeline

The Boeing 747-237B Emperor Kanishka, delivered to Air India on 26 June 1978, flew from Toronto to Montréal as AI181 and from Montréal to Bombay, via London and Delhi, as AI182.

On 20 June 1985, at 0100 GMT, a man calling himself Mr. Singh made reservations for two flights on 22 June: one for "Jaswant Singh" to fly from Vancouver to Toronto on Canadian Pacific (CP) Air Lines Flight 086 and one for "Mohinderbel Singh" to fly from Vancouver to Tokyo on CP Air Lines Flight 003 and connect onward on Air India (AI) Flight 301 to Bangkok. At 0220 GMT on the same day, another call was made, changing the reservation in the name of "Jaswant Singh" from CP 086 to CP 060, also flying from Vancouver to Toronto. The caller further requested to be wait-listed on AI 181 from Toronto to Montreal and AI 182 from Montreal to Bombay. At 1910 GMT, a man paid for the two tickets with $3,005 in cash at a CP ticket office in Vancouver. The names on the reservations were changed: "Jaswant Singh" became "M. Singh" and "Mohinderbel Singh" became "L. Singh".

On 22 June 1985, at 1330 GMT, a man calling himself "Manjit Singh" called to confirm his reservations on AI Flight 181/182. He was told he was still wait-listed, and was offered alternative arrangements, which he declined.

Bombing

At 15:50 GMT on 22 June, Singh checked in at Vancouver International Airport for Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 60 to Toronto and was assigned seat 10B. He asked that his suitcase, a dark brown, hard-sided Samsonite suitcase, be transferred to Air India Flight 181 and then to Flight 182. A Canadian Pacific Air Lines agent initially refused his request to inter-line the baggage, since his seat from Toronto to Montréal and Montréal to Bombay was unconfirmed, but later relented.^[3]

At 16:18 GMT, the Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 60 to Toronto Pearson International Airport departed without Mr. Singh.

At 20:22 GMT, Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 60 arrived in Toronto twelve minutes late. Some of the passengers and baggage, including the bag Mr Singh had checked in, were transferred to Air India Flight 181.

At 00:15 GMT (now 23 June), Air India Flight 181 departed Toronto Pearson International Airport for Montréal-Mirabel International Airport 1 hour and 40 minutes late. The aircraft was late because a "fifth pod", a spare engine, was installed below the left wing to be flown to India for repairs. The plane arrived in Montréal-Mirabel International Airport at 01:00 GMT. At Montréal, the Air India flight became Flight 182.

Air India Flight 182 departed from Montréal for London, en route to Delhi and Bombay. 329 people were on board; 307 passengers and 22 crew. Capt. Hanse Singh Narendra served as the Commander,^[4] and Capt. Satinder Singh Bhinder served as the First Officer;^[5] Dara Dumasia served as Flight Engineer.^[6] Many of the passengers were traveling to visit families and friends.^[7]

At 07:14:01 GMT, the Boeing 747, "squawked 2005"^[8] (a routine activation of its aviation transponder), disappeared, and the aircraft started to disintegrate in mid-air. No 'mayday' call was received by Shannon International Airport Air Traffic Control (ATC). ATC asked aircraft in the area to try to contact Air India, but to no avail. By 07:30:00 GMT hrs ATC declared an emergency and requested nearby cargo ships and the Irish Naval Service vessel LÉ Aisling to look out for the aircraft.

A Commemorative plaque, presented to the citizens of Bantry, Ireland by the Government of Canada for the residents' kindness and compassion to the families of the victims of Air India Flight 182.

A bomb in a Sanyo tuner^[9] in a suitcase in the forward cargo hold had exploded while the plane was in mid-flight at 31,000 feet at ^[10]. The bomb caused rapid decompression and consequent in-flight breakup. The wreckage settled in 6,700 feet (2,000 m) deep water off the south-west Irish coast 120 miles (190 km) offshore of County Cork.

Fifty-five minutes after the loss of the aircraft, a suitcase checked in by one of the accused perpetrators exploded at Japan’s Narita Airport, killing two baggage handlers and injuring four other individuals nearby. The suitcase was on its way to another airliner at Narita.

Recovery

By 09:13:00hrs GMT, the cargo ship Laurentian Forest had discovered the wreckage of the aircraft and many bodies floating in the water.

The bomb killed all 22 crew and 307 passengers. Post-accident medical reports graphically illustrated the outcomes of the passengers and crew. Of the 329 persons on board, 131 bodies were recovered; 198 were lost at sea. Eight bodies exhibited "flail pattern" injuries, indicating that they exited the aircraft before it had hit the water. This, in turn, was a sign that the airplane had broken up in mid-air. Twenty-six bodies showed signs of hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Twenty-five bodies, mostly victims who were seated near windows, showed signs of explosive decompression. Twenty-three bodies had signs of "injuries from a vertical force". Twenty-one passengers were found with little or no clothing.

One official quoted in the report stated, "All victims have been stated in the PM reports to have died of multiple injuries. Two of the dead, one infant and one child, are reported to have died of asphyxia. There is no doubt about the asphyxial death of the infant. In the case of the other child (Body No 93) there was some doubt because the findings could also be caused due to the child undergoing tumbling or spinning with the anchor point at the ankles. Three other victims undoubtedly died of drowning."^[11]

The vessel Guardline Locator from the UK, with sophisticated sonar equipment aboard, and the French cable-laying vessel the Léon Thévenin, with its robot submarine Scarab, were dispatched to locate the flight-data recorder (FDR) and cockpit voice recorder (CVR) boxes. The boxes would be difficult to find and it was imperative the search be commenced quickly. By 4 July, the Guardline Locator equipment had detected signals on the sea bed and on 9 July the CVR was pin-pointed and raised to the surface by the Scarab. The next day the FDR was located and recovered.

Victims

Nationality	Passengers	Crew	Total
Canada	270	0	270
United Kingdom	27	0	27
India	1	21	22
Soviet Union	3	0	3
Brazil	2	0	2
United States	2	0	2
Spain	2	0	2
Finland	1	0	1
Argentina	0	1	1
Total	307	22	329

Casualty listed provided by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.^[12]

Suspects

The main suspects in the bombing were the members of a Sikh separatist group called the Babbar Khalsa (banned in Europe and the United States as a proscribed terrorist group) and other related groups who were at the time agitating for a separate Sikh state called Khalistan in Punjab, India.^[13]

• Talwinder Singh Parmar, a Canadian citizen born in Punjab, living in British Columbia was a high ranking official in the Babbar Khalsa, and his phone was being tapped by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) for three months before the bombing.^[14] He was killed by the Punjab police in 1992 while in custody.
• Inderjit Singh Reyat was living in Duncan on Vancouver Island and working as an auto mechanic and electrician.^[15]
• Ripudaman Singh Malik was a Vancouver businessman who helped fund a credit union and several Khalsa Schools. Recently he was found not guilty of any involvement in the bombings.^[16]
• Ajaib Singh Bagri was a mill worker living in Kamloops. He, along with Ripudaman Singh Malik was found not guilty in 2007.^[17]
• Surjan Singh Gill was living in Vancouver as the self-proclaimed consul-general of Khalistan. He later fled Canada and is believed to be in hiding in London, England.^[18]
• Hardial Singh Johal and Manmohan Singh were both followers of Parmar and active in the gurdwaras where he preached. On 15 November 2002, Johal died of natural causes at 55. He had allegedly stored the suitcases with bombs in the basement of a Vancouver school but was never charged in the case.^[19]
• Daljit Sandhu is later named by a Crown witness as the man who picked up the tickets for the bombing. During the trial the Crown played a video from January 1989, in which Sandhu congratulated the families of Indira Gandhi's assassins and stated that "she deserved that and she invited that and that's why she got it". Sandhu was cleared by Judge Josephson in his 16 March judgment.^[20]
• Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode, the leader of the Sikh separatist organization International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF). An alleged confession by Parmar names him as the mastermind,^[21] but the details do not appear to tally with other available evidence.^[22]

On 6 November 1985 the RCMP raided the homes of the suspected Sikh separatists, Talwinder Singh Parmar, Inderjit Singh Reyat, Surjan Singh Gill, Hardial Singh Johal, and Manmohan Singh.^[23]

In September 2007, the Commission investigated reports, initially disclosed in the Indian investigative news magazine Tehelka^[24] that a hitherto unnamed person, Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode, had masterminded the explosions. This report appears to be inconsistent with other evidence known to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).^[22]

Investigations

In the subsequent worldwide investigations over six years, many threads of the plot were uncovered:

• The bombing was the joint project of at least two Sikh terrorist groups with extensive membership in Canada, USA, England and India. Their anger had been sparked by an attack on the Golden Temple, the holiest Sikh shrine in Amritsar in June 1984.^[25]
• Two men, identified by their tickets as M. Singh and L. Singh, checked in their bag bombs at Vancouver International Airport a few hours apart on 22 June 1985. Both men failed to board their flights.^[26]
• The bag checked in by M. Singh exploded aboard Air India Flight 182.
• The second bag, checked in by L. Singh, went on Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 003 from Vancouver to Tokyo. Its target was Air India Flight 301 due to leave soon with 177 passengers and crew bound for Bangkok-Don Mueang, but it exploded at the terminal in Narita Airport itself. Two Japanese baggage handlers were killed and four other people were injured.^[27]

• The identities of these two men remain unknown.
• A key player known to police variously as the "Third Man" or the "Unknown Male" was seen by CSIS agents who were following Talwinder Singh Parmar on 4 June 1985. Described as a "youthful man",^[25] he went with Parmar on a ferry ride from Vancouver to Duncan on Vancouver Island where he and Parmar participated in a test explosion of a device manufactured by Inderjit Singh Reyat. The third man has also been linked to travels done under tickets bought under the name "L. Singh" or "Lal Singh".^[28]

Air India Trial

The trial of those accused of the bombing, Sikh separatists Ripudaman Singh Malik and Ajaib Singh Bagri, became known as the "Air India Trial".^[29]

Charges and convictions

On 10 May 1991, after lengthy proceedings to extradite Reyat from England, he was convicted of two counts of manslaughter and four explosives charges relating to the Narita Airport bombing. He was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.^[30]

Fifteen years after the bombing, on 27 October 2000, RCMP arrested Malik and Bagri. They were charged with 329 counts of first-degree murder in the deaths of the people on board Air India Flight 182, conspiracy to commit murder, the attempted murder of passengers and crew on the Canadian Pacific flight at Japan's New Tokyo International Airport (now Narita International Airport), and two counts of murder of the baggage handlers at New Tokyo International Airport.^[31][32]

On 6 June 2001, RCMP arrested Reyat on charges of murder, attempted murder, and conspiracy in the Air India bombing. On 10 February 2003, Reyat pleaded guilty to one count of manslaughter and a charge of aiding in the construction of a bomb. He was sentenced to five years in prison.^[33] He was expected to provide testimony in the trial of Malik and Bagri, but prosecutors were vague.

The trial proceeds between April 2003 to December 2004 in Courtroom 20,^[34] more commonly known as "the Air India courtroom". At a cost of $7.2 million, the high-security courtroom was specially built for the trial in the Vancouver Law Courts.^[35]

On 16 March 2005, Justice Ian Josephson found Malik and Bagri not guilty on all counts, since the evidence was inadequate:

I began by describing the horrific nature of these cruel acts of terrorism, acts which cry out for justice. Justice is not achieved, however, if persons are convicted on anything less than the requisite standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Despite what appear to have been the best and most earnest of efforts by the police and the Crown, the evidence has fallen markedly short of that standard.^[36]

In a letter to the Attorney General of British Columbia, Malik has demanded compensation from the Canadian government for wrongful prosecution in his arrest and trial. Malik owes the government $6.4 million and Bagri owes $9.7 million in legal fees.^[37]

In July 2007, the Indian investigative weekly, Tehelka, reported that fresh evidence had emerged from a confession by militant Talwinder Singh Parmar to the Punjab police days before his killing by Punjab Police on 15 October 1992.^[24] According to this article, this evidence had been collected by the Punjab Human Rights Organisation (PHRO), a Chandigarh-based group that had been conducting interviews of Parmar's associates for over seven years.

Subsequently, a translation of the confession was presented to the Inquiry Commission on 24 September. The confession which had been billed as "seismic evidence", had elements that had already been investigated by RCMP, and some details were found to be false.^[22]

The confession had identified the mysterious Third Man or "Mr. X" as Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode, noted Sikh militant and nephew of Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. Insp. Lorne Schwartz said that the RCMP had interviewed Lakhbir in Pakistan in 2001. At the time, he had pointed to several others as having a hand in the bombing. Also, it was unlikely that Lakhbir was Mr. X, Schwartz claimed, because Mr. X appeared considerably younger.^[21]

Also, the RCMP had known about the purported confession for several years. They believed, despite official denials, that Parmar had been captured alive, interrogated and only then killed.

The new evidence was presented by officials of the PHRO, which had carried out a seven year investigation. The retired Punjab Police DSP Harmail Singh Chandi, who had personally been involved in the confession, did not testify. Chandi had travelled to Canada in June to present the evidence to the Inquiry Commission, but had not testified since he could not obtain a guarantee of anonymity.^[21] The story was leaked in Tehelka after his return to India.

The Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182' expressed the view in their dossier that "Talwinder Singh Parmar was the leader of the Babbar Khalsa, a pro-Khalistan organization at the heart of radical extremism, and it is now believed that he was the leader of the conspiracy to bomb Air India flights"^[38]

Reyat's perjury trial

In February 2006, Inderjit Singh Reyat was charged with perjury with regard to his testimony in the trial.^[39] The indictment was filed in the Supreme Court of British Columbia and lists 27 instances where he allegedly misled the court during his testimony. Reyat had pleaded guilty to constructing the bomb but denied under oath that he knew anything about the conspiracy.

In the verdict, Justice Ian Josephson said: "I find him to be an unmitigated liar under oath. Even the most sympathetic of listeners could only conclude, as do I, that his evidence was patently and pathetically fabricated in an attempt to minimize his involvement in his crime to an extreme degree, while refusing to reveal relevant information he clearly possesses."^[40]

On 3 July 2007, with perjury proceedings still pending, Reyat was denied parole by the National Parole Board who concluded he was a continued risk to the public. The decision meant Reyat had to serve his full five-year sentence, which ended 9 February 2008.^[41]

Reyat's perjury trial began in March 2010 in Vancouver, but was abruptly dismissed on March 8, 2010. The jury was dismissed after ‘biased’ remarks about Reyat by a woman juror.^[42] A new jury will be chosen from March 15.

Plot details

The purported confession presented the following story:

"Around May 1985, a functionary of the International Sikh Youth Federation came to me (Parmar) and introduced himself as Lakhbir Singh and asked me for help in conducting some violent activities to express the resentment of the Sikhs. I told him to come after a few days so that I could arrange for dynamite and battery etc. He told me that he would first like to see a trial of the blast...After about four days, Lakhbir Singh and another youth, Inderjit Singh Reyat, both came to me. We went into the jungle (of British Columbia). There we joined a dynamite stick with a battery and triggered off a blast. ...

Then Lakhbir Singh, Inderjit Singh and their accomplice, Manjit Singh, made a plan to plant bombs in an Air India plane leaving from Toronto via London for Delhi and another flight that was to leave Tokyo for Bangkok. Lakhbir Singh booked a seat from Vancouver to Tokyo and then onwards to Bangkok, while Manjit Singh booked a seat from Vancouver to Toronto and then from Toronto to Delhi. Inderjit prepared the bags for the flights, which were loaded with dynamite fitted with a battery and transistor." – from the confession by Talwinder Singh Parmar^[24]

Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode, who is the head of the banned terrorist organization, International Sikh Youth Federation, has an Interpol Red corner warrant A-23/1-1997 against him.^[24] In 1998, he was arrested for carrying 20 kg of RDX explosive near Kathmandu, Nepal.^[43] The PHRO has stated that at the time of Flight 182, Rode was an undercover Indian Agent and that Parmar was murdered in order to protect his identity and India's role in the bombing.^[24] Many details of this story do not seem to be consistent with other evidence available with the investigating team.^[22]

Previous government knowledge

The Canadian government had been warned by the Indian government about the possibility of terrorist bombs aboard Air India flights in Canada. And over two weeks before the crash CSIS reported to the RCMP that the potential threat to Air India as well as Indian missions in Canada, was high.^[44]

Destroyed evidence

In his verdict Justice Josephson cited "unacceptable negligence"^[45] by CSIS when hundreds of wiretaps of the suspects were destroyed. Of the 210 wiretaps that were recorded during the months before and after the bombing, 156 were erased. These tapes continued to be erased even after the terrorists had become the primary suspects in the bombing.^[46]

CSIS claims the wiretaps contained no relevant information but a memo from the RCMP states that "There is a strong likelihood that had CSIS retained the tapes between March and August 1985, that a successful prosecution of at least some of principals in both bombings could have been undertaken."^[47]

On 4 June 1985, CSIS agents Larry Lowe and Lynn McAdams trailed Talwinder Singh Parmar and Inderjit Singh Reyat to Vancouver Island. The agents reported to the RCMP that they had heard a noise like a "loud gunshot" in the woods. Later that month Flight 182 was bombed. After the bombing the RCMP went to the site and found remains of an electrical blasting cap.^[44]

The suspects in the bombing were apparently aware that they were under surveillance, because they used pay phones and talked in code. Translator's notes of the wiretaps records this exchange between Talwinder Parmar and a follower named Hardial Singh Johal on the same day the tickets were purchased on 20 June 1985.
Parmar: Did he write the story?
Johal: No he didn't.
Parmar: Do that work first.^[48]

After this call a man called the CP Air and booked the tickets and left Johal's number. Shortly afterwards, Johal called Parmar and asked him if he "can come over and read the story he asked for". Parmar said he would be there shortly.

This conversation appears to be an order from Parmar to book the tickets used to bomb the planes.^[49] Because the original wiretaps were erased by CSIS, they were inadmissible as evidence in court.^[50]

Murdered witness

Tara Singh Hayer, the publisher of the Indo-Canadian Times and a member of the Order of British Columbia, had provided an affidavit to the RCMP in 1995 claiming that he was present during a conversation in which Bagri admitted his involvement in the bombings.^[51]

While at the London offices of fellow Sikh newspaper publisher Tarsem Singh Purewal, Hayer claims he overheard a meeting between Purewal and Bagri. In that meeting Hayer claims that Bagri stated that "if everything had gone as planned the plane would have blown up at Heathrow airport with no passengers on it. But because the plane was a half hour to three quarters of an hour late, it blew up over the ocean."^[52]

On 24 January of the same year, Purewal was killed near the offices of the Des Pardes newspaper in Southall, England, leaving Hayer as the only other witness.^[53]

On 18 November 1998, Hayer was shot dead while getting out of his car in the garage of his home in Surrey.^[54] Hayer had previously survived an earlier attempt made on his life in 1988 but was paralyzed and thereafter used a wheelchair.^[54] As a consequence of his murder, the affidavit was inadmissible as evidence.

CSIS connection

During an interview with Bagri on 28 October 2000, RCMP agents describe Surjan Singh Gill as an agent for CSIS saying the reason that he resigned from the Babbar Khalsa was because his CSIS handlers told him to pull out.^[55]

After the subsequent failure of CSIS to stop the bombing of Flight 182, the head of CSIS was replaced by Reid Morden. In an interview for CBC Television's news program, The National, Morden claims that CSIS "dropped the ball" in its handling of the case. A Security Intelligence Review Committee cleared CSIS of any wrongdoing. However, that report remains secret to this day. The Canadian government continues to insist that there was no mole involved.^[56]

Public inquiry

On 1 May 2006, the Crown-in-Council, on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper,^[57] announced the launch of a full public inquiry into the bombing, headed by retired Supreme Court justice John Major, in order to find "answers to several key questions about the worst mass murder in Canadian history."^[58] Initiated later in June, the Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182 would examine how Canadian law restricted funding terrorist groups,^[59] how well witness protection is provided in terrorist cases, if Canada needed to upgrade its aviation security, and if issues of cooperation between the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, and other law enforcement agencies had been resolved. It would also provide a forum wherein families of the victims could testify on the impact of the bombing and would not repeat any criminal trials.^[60]

The inquiry's investigations were completed and released on 17 June 2010. Major found that a "cascading series of errors" by Crown ministries, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and the Canadian Security Intelligence Service allowed the terrorist attack to take place.^[2][61]

Legacy

'A Canadian tragedy'

Air India Flight 182 memorial in Toronto

Monument and playground in Stanley Park, Vancouver, commemorating victims of Flight 182, dedicated July 2007

Twenty years after the downing of Air India Flight 182, families gathered in Ahakista, Ireland, to grieve. Governor General Adrienne Clarkson, on the advice of Prime Minister Paul Martin declared the anniversary a national day of mourning. During the anniversary observances, Martin said that the bombing was a Canadian problem, not a foreign problem, saying: "Make no mistake: The flight may have been Air India's, it may have taken place off the coast of Ireland, but this is a Canadian tragedy."^[62]

In May 2007, Angus Reid Strategies released the results of public opinion polling of whether Canadians viewed the Air India bombing as a Canadian or Indian tragedy and who they blamed for it. Forty-eight per cent of respondents considered the bombing as a Canadian event, while twenty-two per cent thought of the terrorist attack as a mostly Indian affair. Thirty-four per cent of those asked felt both CSIS and airport security personnel deserved a great deal of the blame, in addition to twenty-seven per cent who believed the RCMP were largely to blame. Eighteen per cent mentioned Transport Canada.^[63]

Ken MacQueen and John Geddes of Macleans said that the Air India bombing was referred to as "Canada's 9/11." They said "In truth, it was never close to that. The date, June 23, 1985, is not seared into the nation's soul. The events of that day snuffed out hundreds of innocent lives and altered the destinies of thousands more, but it neither shook the foundations of government, nor transformed its policies. It was not, in the main, even officially acknowledged as an act of terrorism."^[64]

Memorials were erected in Canada and elsewhere to commemorate the victims. In 1986, monument was unveiled in Ahakista, West Cork, Ireland, on the 1st anniversary of the bombing.^[65] Subsequently, a groundbreaking occurred on 11 August 2006 at a playground that would form part of a memorial in Stanley Park, in Vancouver, British Columbia.^[66] Another memorial was unveiled on 22 June 2007 in Toronto, the city where most of the people killed had lived. The memorial features a sundial, the base of which consists of stones from all provinces and territories of Canada, as well as the countries of the other victims, and a wall, oriented toward Ireland and bearing the names of the dead.^[67]

After the release in 2010 of the public inquiry's findings, Stephen Harper announced in the media, on the 25th anniversary of the disaster, that he would "acknowledge the catastrophic failures of intelligence, policing and air security that led to the bombing, and the prosecutorial lapses that followed" and deliver an apology on behalf of the sitting Cabinet.^[57]

Recognition in media

Documentaries about the bombing were made for Canadian television audiences. CBC Television announced the start of filming for Flight 182, a documentary about the tragedy, directed by Sturla Gunnarsson.^[68] It was changed to Air India 182 before premiering at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival in Toronto in April 2008. It was subsequently made a TV premiere on CBC Television in June.^[69] Mayday, a TV show that investigates many aviation accidents and incidents, also documented the bombing on its episode "Explosive Evidence".^[70]

Many journalists have commented on the bombing throughout the decades since it occurred. Canadian journalists Brian McAndrew and Zuhair Kashmeri from the Globe and Mail wrote Soft Target. The journalists present details of various activities before the actual bombing and allege that CSIS and the Indian High Commission in Canada knew about the incident in advance. The authors also allege that Indian High Commission in Canada misled RCMP and CSIS for years and worked on spying and destabilizing Sikh community in Canada. In 1992, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police indicated that it possessed no evidence to support the allegations made in the book that the Government of India was involved in the Air India bombing.^[71] Eight months after the bombing, Province newspaper reporter Salim Jiwa published "Death Of Air India Flight 182".^[72] Loss of Faith: How the Air-India Bombers Got Away With Murder is published by Vancouver Sun reporter Kim Bolan in May 2005.^[73] Jiwa and fellow reporter Don Hauka publish Margin of Terror: A reporter's twenty-year odyssey covering the tragedies of the Air India bombing in May 2007.^[74]

Books were also published. "The Management of Grief" by Bharati Mukherjee in the collection The Middleman and Other Stories, an Indian-Canadian woman who lost all her family in the bombing narrates her experiences. Mukherjee also co-authored, The Sorrow and the Terror: The Haunting Legacy of the Air India Tragedy (1987) with her husband, Clark Blaise.^[75] Inspired by mainstream Canada's cultural denial of the Air India tragedy, Neil Bissoondath wrote The Soul of All Great Designs.^[76]

Timeline of events

For a summarized timeline, see Timeline of the Air India Flight 182 affair.

See also

• Sikh Extremism
• Soft Target (book)
• List of accidents and incidents on commercial airliners
• Indian Airlines Flight 814
• UTA Flight 772
• Operation Blue Star
• Harmandir Sahib
• Indira Gandhi
• Sikhism in Canada
• Yelavarthy Nayudamma
• Korean Air Lines Flight 007

References

External links

External images
	Photos of VT-EFO at Airliners.net

• Air India Commission – Government of Canada
• The Verdict – Reasons for Judgment, R. v Malik and Bagri
• Background on Air India bombing – CBC.ca
• Aftermath of Air India – www.Canada.com Air India archives
• Death of Flight 182 website – site trademarked by reporter and author Salim Jiwa
• CBC Digital Archives – The Air India Investigation
• Criminal Occurrence description at the Aviation Safety Network
• Names of passengers and crew on the Air India Flight 182

Militants in the War on Terror who have lived in Canada   Militants not associated with the War on Terror FLQ Jacques Lanctôt, Louise Lanctôt, Marc Carbonneau, Jacques Cossette-Trudel, Bernard Lortie Air India Flight 182 Ripudaman Singh Malik, Ajaib Singh Bagri, Talwinder Singh Parmar, Inderjit Singh Reyat, Surjan Singh Gill, Hardial Singh Johal, Daljit Sandhu Squamish Five Ann Hansen, Brent Taylor, Juliet Caroline Belmas, Gerry Hannah IRA Sean John McCann, William James Carson, James Murdock, Denis Leyne Tamil Tigers Manickavasagam Suresh, Loganathan Sabanayagam, Kumaravelu Vignarajah, Sathajhan Sarachandran Hamas Jamal Akal° Hezbollah Ali Adham Amhaz, Fauzi Ayub°, Mohammed Hassan Dbouk, Mohammed al-Husseini, Omar el Sayed, Hani al-Sayegh PFLP Mahmoud Mohammad, Issam Al Yamani PKK Aynur Saygili 1991 Toronto bomb plot Glenn Neville Ford, Khidr Ali Mujahideen-e Khalq Robab Farahi-Mahdavieh, Effat Nejati, Mahnaz Samadi PLO Wahid Khalil Baroud, Mahmood Abo Shandi Eco-Terrorism Wiebo Ludwig Millennium Plot Ahmed Ressam†, Fateh Kamel°, Ahcene Zemiri†, Mokhtar Haouari, Abdel Hakim Tizegha, Abdel Ghani, Abdelmajid Dahoumane Other Michelle Duclos°, Gazi Ibrihim Abu Mezer, Shaun Going, Hassan Diab, Parminder Singh Saini° al-Jihad Mahmoud Jaballah, Essam Marzouk†, Mohammad Mahjoub al-Qaeda Mubarak al-Duri, Mohammed† and Abdul Rahman Jabarahǂ, Mohamedou Ould Slahi, Amer el-Maati, Raed Hijazi, Niser bin Muhammad Nasar Nawar Khadr family Ahmed Khadrǂ and Maha Elsamnah, Zaynab, Abdullah, Abdurahman°, Omar†, Abdulkareem Afghan Insurgency Ahmed Khadrǂ, Mohammed Warsame Iraqi Insurgency Saeed and Masoud Rasoul, Abu Abdul Rahman, Hassan Farhat, Aumar Alsorani Chechnya Rudwan Khalil Abubakerǂ Groupe Islamique Armé Mohamed Harkat, Karim Said Atmani°, Mourad Ikhlef Toronto 18 Steven Chand, Shareef Abdelhaleem, Jahmaal James, Mohammed Dirie, Fahim Ahmad, Asad Ansari, Zakaria Amara, Amin Durrani, Saad Khalid, a young offender with unreleased name Held at Guantanamo Bay Omar Khadr, Abdurahman Khadr°, Raouf Hannachi, Djamel Ameziane, Ahcene Zemiri, Mohamedou Ould Slahi Other Abderraouf Jdey, Faker Boussora, Bashir Makhtal†, Kassem Daher°, Mustafa Krer, Momin Khawaja, Abdullahi Afrahǂ, Amr Hamedǂ, Huseyincan Celil†, Idriss†, Hassan Almrei, Assem Hammoud, Moussa Mohamed Kalifa, Said Namouh, Mohammad Ashraf Siddiqui, Fahad al-Shehri, Tahawwur Hussain Rana, Abdelrahman Fakhri Abou el-Ila Cleared of wrongdoing Nageeb al-Hadi, Benamar Benatta, Abdullah Almalki, Maher Arar, Arwad al-Boushi, Ahmad Abou El-Maati, Muayyed Nureddin, Abdellah Ouzghar, Liban Hussein, Qayyum Jamal, Yasim Mohamed, Ahmad Ghany, three young offenders with unreleased names, Sohail Qureshi, Amine Mezbar, 24 Pakistani immigrants, Nabil al-Marabh, Abousfian Abdelrazik, Arward Al-Bousha, Kassim Mohamed, Adil Charkaoui † denotes currently imprisoned, ° denotes legal release after serving a sentence, ǂ denotes deceased subjects